------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- The Agda standard library
--
-- Finite sets
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Note that elements of Fin n can be seen as natural numbers in the
-- set {m | m < n}. The notation "m" in comments below refers to this
-- natural number view.

module Data.Fin where

open import Data.Empty using (⊥-elim)
open import Data.Nat as Nat
  using (; zero; suc; z≤n; s≤s)
  renaming ( _+_ to _N+_; _∸_ to _N∸_
           ; _≤_ to _N≤_; _≥_ to _N≥_; _<_ to _N<_; _≤?_ to _N≤?_)
open import Function
import Level
open import Relation.Nullary
open import Relation.Nullary.Decidable
open import Relation.Binary
open import Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality
  using (_≡_; _≢_; refl; cong)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Types

-- Fin n is a type with n elements.

data Fin :   Set where
  zero : {n : }  Fin (suc n)
  suc  : {n : } (i : Fin n)  Fin (suc n)

-- A conversion: toℕ "n" = n.

toℕ :  {n}  Fin n  
toℕ zero    = 0
toℕ (suc i) = suc (toℕ i)

-- A Fin-indexed variant of Fin.

Fin′ :  {n}  Fin n  Set
Fin′ i = Fin (toℕ i)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Conversions

-- toℕ is defined above.

-- fromℕ n = "n".

fromℕ : (n : )  Fin (suc n)
fromℕ zero    = zero
fromℕ (suc n) = suc (fromℕ n)

-- fromℕ≤ {m} _ = "m".

fromℕ≤ :  {m n}  m N< n  Fin n
fromℕ≤ (Nat.s≤s Nat.z≤n)       = zero
fromℕ≤ (Nat.s≤s (Nat.s≤s m≤n)) = suc (fromℕ≤ (Nat.s≤s m≤n))

-- fromℕ≤″ m _ = "m".

fromℕ≤″ :  m {n}  m Nat.<″ n  Fin n
fromℕ≤″ zero    (Nat.less-than-or-equal refl) = zero
fromℕ≤″ (suc m) (Nat.less-than-or-equal refl) =
  suc (fromℕ≤″ m (Nat.less-than-or-equal refl))

-- # m = "m".

infix 10 #_

#_ :  m {n} {m<n : True (suc m N≤? n)}  Fin n
#_ _ {m<n = m<n} = fromℕ≤ (toWitness m<n)

-- raise m "n" = "m + n".

raise :  {m} n  Fin m  Fin (n N+ m)
raise zero    i = i
raise (suc n) i = suc (raise n i)

-- reduce≥ "m + n" _ = "n".

reduce≥ :  {m n} (i : Fin (m N+ n)) (i≥m : toℕ i N≥ m)  Fin n
reduce≥ {zero}  i       i≥m       = i
reduce≥ {suc m} zero    ()
reduce≥ {suc m} (suc i) (s≤s i≥m) = reduce≥ i i≥m

-- inject⋆ m "n" = "n".

inject :  {n} {i : Fin n}  Fin′ i  Fin n
inject {i = zero}  ()
inject {i = suc i} zero    = zero
inject {i = suc i} (suc j) = suc (inject j)

inject! :  {n} {i : Fin (suc n)}  Fin′ i  Fin n
inject! {n = zero}  {i = suc ()} _
inject!             {i = zero}   ()
inject! {n = suc _} {i = suc _}  zero    = zero
inject! {n = suc _} {i = suc _}  (suc j) = suc (inject! j)

inject+ :  {m} n  Fin m  Fin (m N+ n)
inject+ n zero    = zero
inject+ n (suc i) = suc (inject+ n i)

inject₁ :  {m}  Fin m  Fin (suc m)
inject₁ zero    = zero
inject₁ (suc i) = suc (inject₁ i)

inject≤ :  {m n}  Fin m  m N≤ n  Fin n
inject≤ zero    (Nat.s≤s le) = zero
inject≤ (suc i) (Nat.s≤s le) = suc (inject≤ i le)

-- A strengthening injection into the minimal Fin fibre.
strengthen :  {n} (i : Fin n)  Fin′ (suc i)
strengthen zero    = zero
strengthen (suc i) = suc (strengthen i)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Operations

-- Folds.

fold :  (T :   Set) {m} 
       (∀ {n}  T n  T (suc n)) 
       (∀ {n}  T (suc n)) 
       Fin m  T m
fold T f x zero    = x
fold T f x (suc i) = f (fold T f x i)

fold′ :  {n t} (T : Fin (suc n)  Set t) 
        (∀ i  T (inject₁ i)  T (suc i)) 
        T zero 
         i  T i
fold′             T f x zero     = x
fold′ {n = zero}  T f x (suc ())
fold′ {n = suc n} T f x (suc i)  =
  f i (fold′ (T  inject₁) (f  inject₁) x i)

-- Lifts functions.

lift :  {m n} k  (Fin m  Fin n)  Fin (k N+ m)  Fin (k N+ n)
lift zero    f i       = f i
lift (suc k) f zero    = zero
lift (suc k) f (suc i) = suc (lift k f i)

-- "m" + "n" = "m + n".

infixl 6 _+_

_+_ :  {m n} (i : Fin m) (j : Fin n)  Fin (toℕ i N+ n)
zero  + j = j
suc i + j = suc (i + j)

-- "m" - "n" = "m ∸ n".

infixl 6 _-_

_-_ :  {m} (i : Fin m) (j : Fin′ (suc i))  Fin (m N∸ toℕ j)
i     - zero   = i
zero  - suc ()
suc i - suc j  = i - j

-- m ℕ- "n" = "m ∸ n".

infixl 6 _ℕ-_

_ℕ-_ : (n : ) (j : Fin (suc n))  Fin (suc n N∸ toℕ j)
n     ℕ- zero   = fromℕ n
zero  ℕ- suc ()
suc n ℕ- suc i  = n ℕ- i

-- m ℕ-ℕ "n" = m ∸ n.

infixl 6 _ℕ-ℕ_

_ℕ-ℕ_ : (n : )  Fin (suc n)  
n     ℕ-ℕ zero   = n
zero  ℕ-ℕ suc ()
suc n ℕ-ℕ suc i  = n ℕ-ℕ i

-- pred "n" = "pred n".

pred :  {n}  Fin n  Fin n
pred zero    = zero
pred (suc i) = inject₁ i

-- The function f(i,j) = if j>i then j-1 else j
-- This is a variant of the thick function from Conor
-- McBride's "First-order unification by structural recursion".

punchOut :  {m} {i j : Fin (suc m)}  i  j  Fin m
punchOut {_}     {zero}   {zero}  i≢j = ⊥-elim (i≢j refl)
punchOut {_}     {zero}   {suc j} _   = j
punchOut {zero}  {suc ()}
punchOut {suc m} {suc i}  {zero}  _   = zero
punchOut {suc m} {suc i}  {suc j} i≢j = suc (punchOut (i≢j  cong suc))

-- The function f(i,j) = if j≥i then j+1 else j

punchIn :  {m}  Fin (suc m)  Fin m  Fin (suc m)
punchIn zero    j       = suc j
punchIn (suc i) zero    = zero
punchIn (suc i) (suc j) = suc (punchIn i j)


------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Order relations

infix 4 _≤_ _<_

_≤_ :  {n}  Rel (Fin n) Level.zero
_≤_ = _N≤_ on toℕ

_≤?_ :  {n}  (a : Fin n)  (b : Fin n)  Dec (a  b)
a ≤? b = toℕ a N≤? toℕ b

_<_ :  {n}  Rel (Fin n) Level.zero
_<_ = _N<_ on toℕ

data _≺_ :     Set where
  _≻toℕ_ :  n (i : Fin n)  toℕ i  n

-- An ordering view.

data Ordering {n : } : Fin n  Fin n  Set where
  less    :  greatest (least : Fin′ greatest) 
            Ordering (inject least) greatest
  equal   :  i  Ordering i i
  greater :  greatest (least : Fin′ greatest) 
            Ordering greatest (inject least)

compare :  {n} (i j : Fin n)  Ordering i j
compare zero    zero    = equal   zero
compare zero    (suc j) = less    (suc j) zero
compare (suc i) zero    = greater (suc i) zero
compare (suc i) (suc j) with compare i j
compare (suc .(inject least)) (suc .greatest) | less    greatest least =
                                                  less    (suc greatest) (suc least)
compare (suc .greatest) (suc .(inject least)) | greater greatest least =
                                                  greater (suc greatest) (suc least)
compare (suc .i)        (suc .i)              | equal i = equal (suc i)