------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- The Agda standard library
--
-- A bunch of properties about natural number operations
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- See README.Nat for some examples showing how this module can be
-- used.

module Data.Nat.Properties where

open import Relation.Binary
open import Function
open import Algebra
import Algebra.RingSolver.Simple as Solver
import Algebra.RingSolver.AlmostCommutativeRing as ACR
open import Algebra.Structures
open import Data.Nat as Nat
open import Data.Product
open import Data.Sum
open import Relation.Nullary
open import Relation.Nullary.Negation using (contradiction)
open import Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality
open import Algebra.FunctionProperties (_≡_ {A = })
  hiding (LeftCancellative; RightCancellative; Cancellative)
open import Algebra.FunctionProperties
  using (LeftCancellative; RightCancellative; Cancellative)
open import Algebra.FunctionProperties.Consequences (setoid )
open import Algebra.Morphism
open ≡-Reasoning

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Properties of _≡_

suc-injective :  {m n}  suc m  suc n  m  n
suc-injective refl = refl

≡-isDecEquivalence : IsDecEquivalence (_≡_ {A = })
≡-isDecEquivalence = record
  { isEquivalence = isEquivalence
  ; _≟_           = _≟_
  }

≡-decSetoid : DecSetoid _ _
≡-decSetoid = record
  { Carrier          = 
  ; _≈_              = _≡_
  ; isDecEquivalence = ≡-isDecEquivalence
  }

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Properties of _≤_

-- Relation-theoretic properties of _≤_
≤-reflexive : _≡_  _≤_
≤-reflexive {zero}  refl = z≤n
≤-reflexive {suc m} refl = s≤s (≤-reflexive refl)

≤-refl : Reflexive _≤_
≤-refl = ≤-reflexive refl

≤-antisym : Antisymmetric _≡_ _≤_
≤-antisym z≤n       z≤n       = refl
≤-antisym (s≤s m≤n) (s≤s n≤m) with ≤-antisym m≤n n≤m
... | refl = refl

≤-trans : Transitive _≤_
≤-trans z≤n       _         = z≤n
≤-trans (s≤s m≤n) (s≤s n≤o) = s≤s (≤-trans m≤n n≤o)

≤-total : Total _≤_
≤-total zero    _       = inj₁ z≤n
≤-total _       zero    = inj₂ z≤n
≤-total (suc m) (suc n) with ≤-total m n
... | inj₁ m≤n = inj₁ (s≤s m≤n)
... | inj₂ n≤m = inj₂ (s≤s n≤m)

≤-isPreorder : IsPreorder _≡_ _≤_
≤-isPreorder = record
  { isEquivalence = isEquivalence
  ; reflexive     = ≤-reflexive
  ; trans         = ≤-trans
  }

≤-preorder : Preorder _ _ _
≤-preorder = record
  { isPreorder = ≤-isPreorder
  }

≤-isPartialOrder : IsPartialOrder _≡_ _≤_
≤-isPartialOrder = record
  { isPreorder = ≤-isPreorder
  ; antisym    = ≤-antisym
  }

≤-isTotalOrder : IsTotalOrder _≡_ _≤_
≤-isTotalOrder = record
  { isPartialOrder = ≤-isPartialOrder
  ; total          = ≤-total
  }

≤-totalOrder : TotalOrder _ _ _
≤-totalOrder = record
  { isTotalOrder = ≤-isTotalOrder
  }

≤-isDecTotalOrder : IsDecTotalOrder _≡_ _≤_
≤-isDecTotalOrder = record
  { isTotalOrder = ≤-isTotalOrder
  ; _≟_          = _≟_
  ; _≤?_         = _≤?_
  }

≤-decTotalOrder : DecTotalOrder _ _ _
≤-decTotalOrder = record
  { isDecTotalOrder = ≤-isDecTotalOrder
  }

-- Other properties of _≤_
≤-step :  {m n}  m  n  m  1 + n
≤-step z≤n       = z≤n
≤-step (s≤s m≤n) = s≤s (≤-step m≤n)

n≤1+n :  n  n  1 + n
n≤1+n _ = ≤-step ≤-refl

1+n≰n :  {n}  ¬ 1 + n  n
1+n≰n (s≤s le) = 1+n≰n le

pred-mono : pred Preserves _≤_  _≤_
pred-mono z≤n      = z≤n
pred-mono (s≤s le) = le

≤pred⇒≤ :  {m n}  m  pred n  m  n
≤pred⇒≤ {m} {zero}  le = le
≤pred⇒≤ {m} {suc n} le = ≤-step le

≤⇒pred≤ :  {m n}  m  n  pred m  n
≤⇒pred≤ {zero}  le = le
≤⇒pred≤ {suc m} le = ≤-trans (n≤1+n m) le

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Properties of _<_

-- Relation theoretic properties of _<_
_<?_ : Decidable _<_
x <? y = suc x ≤? y

<-irrefl : Irreflexive _≡_ _<_
<-irrefl refl (s≤s n<n) = <-irrefl refl n<n

<-asym : Asymmetric _<_
<-asym (s≤s n<m) (s≤s m<n) = <-asym n<m m<n

<-trans : Transitive _<_
<-trans (s≤s i≤j) (s≤s j<k) = s≤s (≤-trans i≤j (≤⇒pred≤ j<k))

<-transʳ : Trans _≤_ _<_ _<_
<-transʳ m≤n (s≤s n≤o) = s≤s (≤-trans m≤n n≤o)

<-transˡ : Trans _<_ _≤_ _<_
<-transˡ (s≤s m≤n) (s≤s n≤o) = s≤s (≤-trans m≤n n≤o)

<-cmp : Trichotomous _≡_ _<_
<-cmp zero    zero    = tri≈ (λ())     refl  (λ())
<-cmp zero    (suc n) = tri< (s≤s z≤n) (λ()) (λ())
<-cmp (suc m) zero    = tri> (λ())     (λ()) (s≤s z≤n)
<-cmp (suc m) (suc n) with <-cmp m n
... | tri<    = tri< (s≤s )      (  suc-injective) (  ≤-pred)
... | tri≈    = tri≈ (  ≤-pred) (cong suc )        (  ≤-pred)
... | tri>    = tri> (  ≤-pred) (  suc-injective) (s≤s )

<-isStrictTotalOrder : IsStrictTotalOrder _≡_ _<_
<-isStrictTotalOrder = record
  { isEquivalence = isEquivalence
  ; trans         = <-trans
  ; compare       = <-cmp
  }

<-strictTotalOrder : StrictTotalOrder _ _ _
<-strictTotalOrder = record
  { isStrictTotalOrder = <-isStrictTotalOrder
  }

-- Other properties of _<_
<⇒≤pred :  {m n}  m < n  m  pred n
<⇒≤pred (s≤s le) = le

<⇒≤ : _<_  _≤_
<⇒≤ (s≤s m≤n) = ≤-trans m≤n (≤-step ≤-refl)

<⇒≢ : _<_  _≢_
<⇒≢ m<n refl = 1+n≰n m<n

<⇒≱ : _<_  _≱_
<⇒≱ (s≤s m+1≤n) (s≤s n≤m) = <⇒≱ m+1≤n n≤m

<⇒≯ : _<_  _≯_
<⇒≯ (s≤s m<n) (s≤s n<m) = <⇒≯ m<n n<m

≰⇒≮ : _≰_  _≮_
≰⇒≮ m≰n 1+m≤n = m≰n (<⇒≤ 1+m≤n)

≰⇒> : _≰_  _>_
≰⇒> {zero}          z≰n = contradiction z≤n z≰n
≰⇒> {suc m} {zero}  _   = s≤s z≤n
≰⇒> {suc m} {suc n} m≰n = s≤s (≰⇒> (m≰n  s≤s))

≰⇒≥ : _≰_  _≥_
≰⇒≥ = <⇒≤  ≰⇒>

≮⇒≥ : _≮_  _≥_
≮⇒≥ {_}     {zero}  _       = z≤n
≮⇒≥ {zero}  {suc j} 1≮j+1   = contradiction (s≤s z≤n) 1≮j+1
≮⇒≥ {suc i} {suc j} i+1≮j+1 = s≤s (≮⇒≥ (i+1≮j+1  s≤s))

≤+≢⇒< :  {m n}  m  n  m  n  m < n
≤+≢⇒< {_} {zero}  z≤n       m≢n     = contradiction refl m≢n
≤+≢⇒< {_} {suc n} z≤n       m≢n     = s≤s z≤n
≤+≢⇒< {_} {suc n} (s≤s m≤n) 1+m≢1+n =
  s≤s (≤+≢⇒< m≤n (1+m≢1+n  cong suc))

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Properties of _≤′_

z≤′n :  {n}  zero ≤′ n
z≤′n {zero}  = ≤′-refl
z≤′n {suc n} = ≤′-step z≤′n

s≤′s :  {m n}  m ≤′ n  suc m ≤′ suc n
s≤′s ≤′-refl        = ≤′-refl
s≤′s (≤′-step m≤′n) = ≤′-step (s≤′s m≤′n)

≤′⇒≤ : _≤′_  _≤_
≤′⇒≤ ≤′-refl        = ≤-refl
≤′⇒≤ (≤′-step m≤′n) = ≤-step (≤′⇒≤ m≤′n)

≤⇒≤′ : _≤_  _≤′_
≤⇒≤′ z≤n       = z≤′n
≤⇒≤′ (s≤s m≤n) = s≤′s (≤⇒≤′ m≤n)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Properties of _≤″_

≤″⇒≤ : _≤″_  _≤_
≤″⇒≤ {zero}  (less-than-or-equal refl) = z≤n
≤″⇒≤ {suc m} (less-than-or-equal refl) =
  s≤s (≤″⇒≤ (less-than-or-equal refl))

≤⇒≤″ : _≤_  _≤″_
≤⇒≤″ m≤n = less-than-or-equal (proof m≤n)
  where
  k :  m n  m  n  
  k zero    n       _   = n
  k (suc m) zero    ()
  k (suc m) (suc n) m≤n = k m n (≤-pred m≤n)

  proof :  {m n} (m≤n : m  n)  m + k m n m≤n  n
  proof z≤n       = refl
  proof (s≤s m≤n) = cong suc (proof m≤n)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Properties of _+_

-- Algebraic properties of _+_
+-suc :  m n  m + suc n  suc (m + n)
+-suc zero    n = refl
+-suc (suc m) n = cong suc (+-suc m n)

+-assoc : Associative _+_
+-assoc zero    _ _ = refl
+-assoc (suc m) n o = cong suc (+-assoc m n o)

+-identityˡ : LeftIdentity 0 _+_
+-identityˡ _ = refl

+-identityʳ : RightIdentity 0 _+_
+-identityʳ zero    = refl
+-identityʳ (suc n) = cong suc (+-identityʳ n)

+-identity : Identity 0 _+_
+-identity = +-identityˡ , +-identityʳ

+-comm : Commutative _+_
+-comm zero    n = sym (+-identityʳ n)
+-comm (suc m) n = begin
  suc m + n   ≡⟨⟩
  suc (m + n) ≡⟨ cong suc (+-comm m n) 
  suc (n + m) ≡⟨ sym (+-suc n m) 
  n + suc m   

+-isSemigroup : IsSemigroup _≡_ _+_
+-isSemigroup = record
  { isEquivalence = isEquivalence
  ; assoc         = +-assoc
  ; ∙-cong        = cong₂ _+_
  }

+-semigroup : Semigroup _ _
+-semigroup = record { isSemigroup = +-isSemigroup }

+-0-isCommutativeMonoid : IsCommutativeMonoid _≡_ _+_ 0
+-0-isCommutativeMonoid = record
  { isSemigroup = +-isSemigroup
  ; identityˡ    = +-identityˡ
  ; comm        = +-comm
  }

+-0-monoid : Monoid _ _
+-0-monoid = record { isMonoid = IsCommutativeMonoid.isMonoid +-0-isCommutativeMonoid }

+-0-commutativeMonoid : CommutativeMonoid _ _
+-0-commutativeMonoid = record { isCommutativeMonoid = +-0-isCommutativeMonoid }

-- Other properties of _+_ and _≡_

+-cancelˡ-≡ : LeftCancellative _≡_ _+_
+-cancelˡ-≡ zero    eq = eq
+-cancelˡ-≡ (suc m) eq = +-cancelˡ-≡ m (cong pred eq)

+-cancelʳ-≡ : RightCancellative _≡_ _+_
+-cancelʳ-≡ = comm+cancelˡ⇒cancelʳ +-comm +-cancelˡ-≡

+-cancel-≡ : Cancellative _≡_ _+_
+-cancel-≡ = +-cancelˡ-≡ , +-cancelʳ-≡

m≢1+m+n :  m {n}  m  suc (m + n)
m≢1+m+n zero    ()
m≢1+m+n (suc m) eq = m≢1+m+n m (cong pred eq)

i+1+j≢i :  i {j}  i + suc j  i
i+1+j≢i zero    ()
i+1+j≢i (suc i) = (i+1+j≢i i)  suc-injective

i+j≡0⇒i≡0 :  i {j}  i + j  0  i  0
i+j≡0⇒i≡0 zero    eq = refl
i+j≡0⇒i≡0 (suc i) ()

i+j≡0⇒j≡0 :  i {j}  i + j  0  j  0
i+j≡0⇒j≡0 i {j} i+j≡0 = i+j≡0⇒i≡0 j (trans (+-comm j i) (i+j≡0))

-- Properties of _+_ and orderings

+-cancelˡ-≤ : LeftCancellative _≤_ _+_
+-cancelˡ-≤ zero    le       = le
+-cancelˡ-≤ (suc m) (s≤s le) = +-cancelˡ-≤ m le

+-cancelʳ-≤ : RightCancellative _≤_ _+_
+-cancelʳ-≤ {m} n o le =
  +-cancelˡ-≤ m (subst₂ _≤_ (+-comm n m) (+-comm o m) le)

+-cancel-≤ : Cancellative _≤_ _+_
+-cancel-≤ = +-cancelˡ-≤ , +-cancelʳ-≤

m≤m+n :  m n  m  m + n
m≤m+n zero    n = z≤n
m≤m+n (suc m) n = s≤s (m≤m+n m n)

n≤m+n :  m n  n  m + n
n≤m+n m zero    = z≤n
n≤m+n m (suc n) = subst (suc n ≤_) (sym (+-suc m n)) (s≤s (n≤m+n m n))

≤-steps :  {m n} k  m  n  m  k + n
≤-steps zero    m≤n = m≤n
≤-steps (suc k) m≤n = ≤-step (≤-steps k m≤n)

m+n≤o⇒m≤o :  m {n o}  m + n  o  m  o
m+n≤o⇒m≤o zero    m+n≤o       = z≤n
m+n≤o⇒m≤o (suc m) (s≤s m+n≤o) = s≤s (m+n≤o⇒m≤o m m+n≤o)

m+n≤o⇒n≤o :  m {n o}  m + n  o  n  o
m+n≤o⇒n≤o zero    n≤o   = n≤o
m+n≤o⇒n≤o (suc m) m+n<o = m+n≤o⇒n≤o m (<⇒≤ m+n<o)

+-mono-≤ : _+_ Preserves₂ _≤_  _≤_  _≤_
+-mono-≤ {_} {m} z≤n       o≤p = ≤-trans o≤p (n≤m+n m _)
+-mono-≤ {_} {_} (s≤s m≤n) o≤p = s≤s (+-mono-≤ m≤n o≤p)

+-monoˡ-< : _+_ Preserves₂ _<_  _≤_  _<_
+-monoˡ-< {_} {suc y} (s≤s z≤n)       u≤v = s≤s (≤-steps y u≤v)
+-monoˡ-< {_} {_}     (s≤s (s≤s x<y)) u≤v = s≤s (+-monoˡ-< (s≤s x<y) u≤v)

+-monoʳ-< : _+_ Preserves₂ _≤_  _<_  _<_
+-monoʳ-< {_} {y} z≤n       u<v = ≤-trans u<v (n≤m+n y _)
+-monoʳ-< {_} {_} (s≤s x≤y) u<v = s≤s (+-monoʳ-< x≤y u<v)

+-mono-< : _+_ Preserves₂ _<_  _<_  _<_
+-mono-< x≤y = +-monoʳ-< (<⇒≤ x≤y)

¬i+1+j≤i :  i {j}  i + suc j  i
¬i+1+j≤i zero    ()
¬i+1+j≤i (suc i) le = ¬i+1+j≤i i (≤-pred le)

m+n≮n :  m n  m + n  n
m+n≮n zero    n                   = <-irrefl refl
m+n≮n (suc m) (suc n) (s≤s m+n<n) = m+n≮n m (suc n) (≤-step m+n<n)

m≤′m+n :  m n  m ≤′ m + n
m≤′m+n m n = ≤⇒≤′ (m≤m+n m n)

n≤′m+n :  m n  n ≤′ m + n
n≤′m+n zero    n = ≤′-refl
n≤′m+n (suc m) n = ≤′-step (n≤′m+n m n)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Properties of _*_

+-*-suc :  m n  m * suc n  m + m * n
+-*-suc zero    n = refl
+-*-suc (suc m) n = begin
  suc m * suc n         ≡⟨⟩
  suc n + m * suc n     ≡⟨ cong (suc n +_) (+-*-suc m n) 
  suc n + (m + m * n)   ≡⟨⟩
  suc (n + (m + m * n)) ≡⟨ cong suc (sym (+-assoc n m (m * n))) 
  suc (n + m + m * n)   ≡⟨ cong  x  suc (x + m * n)) (+-comm n m) 
  suc (m + n + m * n)   ≡⟨ cong suc (+-assoc m n (m * n)) 
  suc (m + (n + m * n)) ≡⟨⟩
  suc m + suc m * n     

*-identityˡ : LeftIdentity 1 _*_
*-identityˡ x = +-identityʳ x

*-identityʳ : RightIdentity 1 _*_
*-identityʳ zero    = refl
*-identityʳ (suc x) = cong suc (*-identityʳ x)

*-identity : Identity 1 _*_
*-identity = *-identityˡ , *-identityʳ

*-zeroˡ : LeftZero 0 _*_
*-zeroˡ _ = refl

*-zeroʳ : RightZero 0 _*_
*-zeroʳ zero    = refl
*-zeroʳ (suc n) = *-zeroʳ n

*-zero : Zero 0 _*_
*-zero = *-zeroˡ , *-zeroʳ

*-comm : Commutative _*_
*-comm zero    n = sym (*-zeroʳ n)
*-comm (suc m) n = begin
  suc m * n  ≡⟨⟩
  n + m * n  ≡⟨ cong (n +_) (*-comm m n) 
  n + n * m  ≡⟨ sym (+-*-suc n m) 
  n * suc m  

*-distribʳ-+ : _*_ DistributesOverʳ _+_
*-distribʳ-+ m zero    o = refl
*-distribʳ-+ m (suc n) o = begin
  (suc n + o) * m     ≡⟨⟩
  m + (n + o) * m     ≡⟨ cong (m +_) (*-distribʳ-+ m n o) 
  m + (n * m + o * m) ≡⟨ sym (+-assoc m (n * m) (o * m)) 
  m + n * m + o * m   ≡⟨⟩
  suc n * m + o * m   

*-distribˡ-+ : _*_ DistributesOverˡ _+_
*-distribˡ-+ = comm+distrʳ⇒distrˡ (cong₂ _+_) *-comm *-distribʳ-+

*-distrib-+ : _*_ DistributesOver _+_
*-distrib-+ = *-distribˡ-+ , *-distribʳ-+

*-assoc : Associative _*_
*-assoc zero    n o = refl
*-assoc (suc m) n o = begin
  (suc m * n) * o     ≡⟨⟩
  (n + m * n) * o     ≡⟨ *-distribʳ-+ o n (m * n) 
  n * o + (m * n) * o ≡⟨ cong (n * o +_) (*-assoc m n o) 
  n * o + m * (n * o) ≡⟨⟩
  suc m * (n * o)     

*-isSemigroup : IsSemigroup _≡_ _*_
*-isSemigroup = record
  { isEquivalence = isEquivalence
  ; assoc         = *-assoc
  ; ∙-cong        = cong₂ _*_
  }

*-semigroup : Semigroup _ _
*-semigroup = record { isSemigroup = *-isSemigroup }

*-1-isCommutativeMonoid : IsCommutativeMonoid _≡_ _*_ 1
*-1-isCommutativeMonoid = record
  { isSemigroup = *-isSemigroup
  ; identityˡ    = *-identityˡ
  ; comm        = *-comm
  }

*-1-monoid : Monoid _ _
*-1-monoid = record { isMonoid = IsCommutativeMonoid.isMonoid *-1-isCommutativeMonoid }

*-1-commutativeMonoid : CommutativeMonoid _ _
*-1-commutativeMonoid = record { isCommutativeMonoid = *-1-isCommutativeMonoid }

*-+-isCommutativeSemiring : IsCommutativeSemiring _≡_ _+_ _*_ 0 1
*-+-isCommutativeSemiring = record
  { +-isCommutativeMonoid = +-0-isCommutativeMonoid
  ; *-isCommutativeMonoid = *-1-isCommutativeMonoid
  ; distribʳ              = *-distribʳ-+
  ; zeroˡ                 = *-zeroˡ
  }

*-+-semiring : Semiring _ _
*-+-semiring = record { isSemiring = IsCommutativeSemiring.isSemiring *-+-isCommutativeSemiring }

*-+-commutativeSemiring : CommutativeSemiring _ _
*-+-commutativeSemiring = record
  { isCommutativeSemiring = *-+-isCommutativeSemiring
  }

-- Other properties of _*_

*-cancelʳ-≡ :  i j {k}  i * suc k  j * suc k  i  j
*-cancelʳ-≡ zero    zero        eq = refl
*-cancelʳ-≡ zero    (suc j)     ()
*-cancelʳ-≡ (suc i) zero        ()
*-cancelʳ-≡ (suc i) (suc j) {k} eq =
  cong suc (*-cancelʳ-≡ i j (+-cancelˡ-≡ (suc k) eq))

*-cancelˡ-≡ :  {i j} k  suc k * i  suc k * j  i  j
*-cancelˡ-≡ {i} {j} k eq = *-cancelʳ-≡ i j
  (subst₂ _≡_ (*-comm (suc k) i) (*-comm (suc k) j) eq)

i*j≡0⇒i≡0∨j≡0 :  i {j}  i * j  0  i  0  j  0
i*j≡0⇒i≡0∨j≡0 zero    {j}     eq = inj₁ refl
i*j≡0⇒i≡0∨j≡0 (suc i) {zero}  eq = inj₂ refl
i*j≡0⇒i≡0∨j≡0 (suc i) {suc j} ()

i*j≡1⇒i≡1 :  i j  i * j  1  i  1
i*j≡1⇒i≡1 (suc zero)    j             _  = refl
i*j≡1⇒i≡1 zero          j             ()
i*j≡1⇒i≡1 (suc (suc i)) (suc (suc j)) ()
i*j≡1⇒i≡1 (suc (suc i)) (suc zero)    ()
i*j≡1⇒i≡1 (suc (suc i)) zero          eq =
  contradiction (trans (*-comm 0 i) eq) λ()

i*j≡1⇒j≡1 :  i j  i * j  1  j  1
i*j≡1⇒j≡1 i j eq = i*j≡1⇒i≡1 j i (trans (*-comm j i) eq)

*-cancelʳ-≤ :  i j k  i * suc k  j * suc k  i  j
*-cancelʳ-≤ zero    _       _ _  = z≤n
*-cancelʳ-≤ (suc i) zero    _ ()
*-cancelʳ-≤ (suc i) (suc j) k le =
  s≤s (*-cancelʳ-≤ i j k (+-cancelˡ-≤ (suc k) le))

*-mono-≤ : _*_ Preserves₂ _≤_  _≤_  _≤_
*-mono-≤ z≤n       _   = z≤n
*-mono-≤ (s≤s m≤n) u≤v = +-mono-≤ u≤v (*-mono-≤ m≤n u≤v)

*-mono-< : _*_ Preserves₂ _<_  _<_  _<_
*-mono-< (s≤s z≤n)       (s≤s u≤v) = s≤s z≤n
*-mono-< (s≤s (s≤s m≤n)) (s≤s u≤v) =
  +-mono-< (s≤s u≤v) (*-mono-< (s≤s m≤n) (s≤s u≤v))

*-monoˡ-< :  n  (_* suc n) Preserves _<_  _<_
*-monoˡ-< n (s≤s z≤n)       = s≤s z≤n
*-monoˡ-< n (s≤s (s≤s m≤o)) =
  +-monoʳ-< (≤-refl {suc n}) (*-monoˡ-< n (s≤s m≤o))

*-monoʳ-< :  n  (suc n *_) Preserves _<_  _<_
*-monoʳ-< zero    (s≤s m≤o) = +-mono-≤ (s≤s m≤o) z≤n
*-monoʳ-< (suc n) (s≤s m≤o) =
  +-mono-≤ (s≤s m≤o) (<⇒≤ (*-monoʳ-< n (s≤s m≤o)))

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Properties of _^_

^-distribˡ-+-* :  m n p  m ^ (n + p)  m ^ n * m ^ p
^-distribˡ-+-* m zero    p = sym (+-identityʳ (m ^ p))
^-distribˡ-+-* m (suc n) p = begin
  m * (m ^ (n + p))       ≡⟨ cong (m *_) (^-distribˡ-+-* m n p) 
  m * ((m ^ n) * (m ^ p)) ≡⟨ sym (*-assoc m _ _) 
  (m * (m ^ n)) * (m ^ p) 

i^j≡0⇒i≡0 :  i j  i ^ j  0  i  0
i^j≡0⇒i≡0 i zero    ()
i^j≡0⇒i≡0 i (suc j) eq = [ id , i^j≡0⇒i≡0 i j ]′ (i*j≡0⇒i≡0∨j≡0 i eq)

i^j≡1⇒j≡0∨i≡1 :  i j  i ^ j  1  j  0  i  1
i^j≡1⇒j≡0∨i≡1 i zero    _  = inj₁ refl
i^j≡1⇒j≡0∨i≡1 i (suc j) eq = inj₂ (i*j≡1⇒i≡1 i (i ^ j) eq)

^-semigroup-morphism :  {n}  (n ^_) Is +-semigroup -Semigroup⟶ *-semigroup
^-semigroup-morphism = record
  { ⟦⟧-cong = cong (_ ^_)
  ; ∙-homo  = ^-distribˡ-+-* _
  }

^-monoid-morphism :  {n}  (n ^_) Is +-0-monoid -Monoid⟶ *-1-monoid
^-monoid-morphism = record
  { sm-homo = ^-semigroup-morphism
  ; ε-homo  = refl
  }

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Properties of _⊔_ and _⊓_

⊔-assoc : Associative _⊔_
⊔-assoc zero    _       _       = refl
⊔-assoc (suc m) zero    o       = refl
⊔-assoc (suc m) (suc n) zero    = refl
⊔-assoc (suc m) (suc n) (suc o) = cong suc $ ⊔-assoc m n o

⊔-identityˡ : LeftIdentity 0 _⊔_
⊔-identityˡ _ = refl

⊔-identityʳ : RightIdentity 0 _⊔_
⊔-identityʳ zero    = refl
⊔-identityʳ (suc n) = refl

⊔-identity : Identity 0 _⊔_
⊔-identity = ⊔-identityˡ , ⊔-identityʳ

⊔-comm : Commutative _⊔_
⊔-comm zero    n       = sym $ ⊔-identityʳ n
⊔-comm (suc m) zero    = refl
⊔-comm (suc m) (suc n) = cong suc (⊔-comm m n)

⊔-sel : Selective _⊔_
⊔-sel zero    _    = inj₂ refl
⊔-sel (suc m) zero = inj₁ refl
⊔-sel (suc m) (suc n) with ⊔-sel m n
... | inj₁ m⊔n≡m = inj₁ (cong suc m⊔n≡m)
... | inj₂ m⊔n≡n = inj₂ (cong suc m⊔n≡n)

⊔-idem : Idempotent _⊔_
⊔-idem = sel⇒idem ⊔-sel

⊓-assoc : Associative _⊓_
⊓-assoc zero    _       _       = refl
⊓-assoc (suc m) zero    o       = refl
⊓-assoc (suc m) (suc n) zero    = refl
⊓-assoc (suc m) (suc n) (suc o) = cong suc $ ⊓-assoc m n o

⊓-zeroˡ : LeftZero 0 _⊓_
⊓-zeroˡ _ = refl

⊓-zeroʳ : RightZero 0 _⊓_
⊓-zeroʳ zero    = refl
⊓-zeroʳ (suc n) = refl

⊓-zero : Zero 0 _⊓_
⊓-zero = ⊓-zeroˡ , ⊓-zeroʳ

⊓-comm : Commutative _⊓_
⊓-comm zero    n       = sym $ ⊓-zeroʳ n
⊓-comm (suc m) zero    = refl
⊓-comm (suc m) (suc n) = cong suc (⊓-comm m n)

⊓-sel : Selective _⊓_
⊓-sel zero    _    = inj₁ refl
⊓-sel (suc m) zero = inj₂ refl
⊓-sel (suc m) (suc n) with ⊓-sel m n
... | inj₁ m⊓n≡m = inj₁ (cong suc m⊓n≡m)
... | inj₂ m⊓n≡n = inj₂ (cong suc m⊓n≡n)

⊓-idem : Idempotent _⊓_
⊓-idem = sel⇒idem ⊓-sel

⊓-distribʳ-⊔ : _⊓_ DistributesOverʳ _⊔_
⊓-distribʳ-⊔ (suc m) (suc n) (suc o) = cong suc $ ⊓-distribʳ-⊔ m n o
⊓-distribʳ-⊔ (suc m) (suc n) zero    = cong suc $ refl
⊓-distribʳ-⊔ (suc m) zero    o       = refl
⊓-distribʳ-⊔ zero    n       o       = begin
  (n  o)  0    ≡⟨ ⊓-comm (n  o) 0 
  0  (n  o)    ≡⟨⟩
  0  n  0  o  ≡⟨ ⊓-comm 0 n  cong₂ _⊔_  ⊓-comm 0 o 
  n  0  o  0  

⊓-distribˡ-⊔ : _⊓_ DistributesOverˡ _⊔_
⊓-distribˡ-⊔ = comm+distrʳ⇒distrˡ (cong₂ _⊔_) ⊓-comm ⊓-distribʳ-⊔

⊓-distrib-⊔ : _⊓_ DistributesOver _⊔_
⊓-distrib-⊔ = ⊓-distribˡ-⊔ , ⊓-distribʳ-⊔

⊔-abs-⊓ : _⊔_ Absorbs _⊓_
⊔-abs-⊓ zero    n       = refl
⊔-abs-⊓ (suc m) zero    = refl
⊔-abs-⊓ (suc m) (suc n) = cong suc $ ⊔-abs-⊓ m n

⊓-abs-⊔ : _⊓_ Absorbs _⊔_
⊓-abs-⊔ zero    n       = refl
⊓-abs-⊔ (suc m) (suc n) = cong suc $ ⊓-abs-⊔ m n
⊓-abs-⊔ (suc m) zero    = cong suc $ begin
  m  m       ≡⟨ cong (m ⊓_) $ sym $ ⊔-identityʳ m 
  m  (m  0) ≡⟨ ⊓-abs-⊔ m zero 
  m           

⊓-⊔-absorptive : Absorptive _⊓_ _⊔_
⊓-⊔-absorptive = ⊓-abs-⊔ , ⊔-abs-⊓

⊔-isSemigroup : IsSemigroup _≡_ _⊔_
⊔-isSemigroup = record
  { isEquivalence = isEquivalence
  ; assoc         = ⊔-assoc
  ; ∙-cong        = cong₂ _⊔_
  }

⊔-0-isCommutativeMonoid : IsCommutativeMonoid _≡_ _⊔_ 0
⊔-0-isCommutativeMonoid = record
  { isSemigroup = ⊔-isSemigroup
  ; identityˡ    = ⊔-identityˡ
  ; comm        = ⊔-comm
  }

⊓-isSemigroup : IsSemigroup _≡_ _⊓_
⊓-isSemigroup = record
  { isEquivalence = isEquivalence
  ; assoc         = ⊓-assoc
  ; ∙-cong        = cong₂ _⊓_
  }

⊔-⊓-isSemiringWithoutOne : IsSemiringWithoutOne _≡_ _⊔_ _⊓_ 0
⊔-⊓-isSemiringWithoutOne = record
  { +-isCommutativeMonoid = ⊔-0-isCommutativeMonoid
  ; *-isSemigroup         = ⊓-isSemigroup
  ; distrib               = ⊓-distrib-⊔
  ; zero                  = ⊓-zero
  }

⊔-⊓-isCommutativeSemiringWithoutOne
  : IsCommutativeSemiringWithoutOne _≡_ _⊔_ _⊓_ 0
⊔-⊓-isCommutativeSemiringWithoutOne = record
  { isSemiringWithoutOne = ⊔-⊓-isSemiringWithoutOne
  ; *-comm               = ⊓-comm
  }

⊔-⊓-commutativeSemiringWithoutOne : CommutativeSemiringWithoutOne _ _
⊔-⊓-commutativeSemiringWithoutOne = record
  { isCommutativeSemiringWithoutOne =
      ⊔-⊓-isCommutativeSemiringWithoutOne
  }

⊓-⊔-isLattice : IsLattice _≡_ _⊓_ _⊔_
⊓-⊔-isLattice = record
  { isEquivalence = isEquivalence
  ; ∨-comm        = ⊓-comm
  ; ∨-assoc       = ⊓-assoc
  ; ∨-cong        = cong₂ _⊓_
  ; ∧-comm        = ⊔-comm
  ; ∧-assoc       = ⊔-assoc
  ; ∧-cong        = cong₂ _⊔_
  ; absorptive    = ⊓-⊔-absorptive
  }

⊓-⊔-isDistributiveLattice : IsDistributiveLattice _≡_ _⊓_ _⊔_
⊓-⊔-isDistributiveLattice = record
  { isLattice   = ⊓-⊔-isLattice
  ; ∨-∧-distribʳ = ⊓-distribʳ-⊔
  }

⊓-⊔-distributiveLattice : DistributiveLattice _ _
⊓-⊔-distributiveLattice = record
  { isDistributiveLattice = ⊓-⊔-isDistributiveLattice
  }

-- Ordering properties of _⊔_ and _⊓_
m⊓n≤m :  m n  m  n  m
m⊓n≤m zero    _       = z≤n
m⊓n≤m (suc m) zero    = z≤n
m⊓n≤m (suc m) (suc n) = s≤s $ m⊓n≤m m n

m⊓n≤n :  m n  m  n  n
m⊓n≤n m n = subst (_≤ n) (⊓-comm n m) (m⊓n≤m n m)

m≤m⊔n :  m n  m  m  n
m≤m⊔n zero    _       = z≤n
m≤m⊔n (suc m) zero    = ≤-refl
m≤m⊔n (suc m) (suc n) = s≤s $ m≤m⊔n m n

n≤m⊔n :  m n  n  m  n
n≤m⊔n m n = subst (n ≤_) (⊔-comm n m) (m≤m⊔n n m)

m⊓n≤m⊔n :  m n  m  n  m  n
m⊓n≤m⊔n zero    n       = ≤-refl
m⊓n≤m⊔n (suc m) zero    = ≤-refl
m⊓n≤m⊔n (suc m) (suc n) = s≤s (m⊓n≤m⊔n m n)

⊔-mono-≤ : _⊔_ Preserves₂ _≤_  _≤_  _≤_
⊔-mono-≤ {x} {y} {u} {v} x≤y u≤v with ⊔-sel x u
... | inj₁ x⊔u≡x rewrite x⊔u≡x = ≤-trans x≤y (m≤m⊔n y v)
... | inj₂ x⊔u≡u rewrite x⊔u≡u = ≤-trans u≤v (n≤m⊔n y v)

⊔-mono-< : _⊔_ Preserves₂ _<_  _<_  _<_
⊔-mono-< = ⊔-mono-≤

⊓-mono-≤ : _⊓_ Preserves₂ _≤_  _≤_  _≤_
⊓-mono-≤ {x} {y} {u} {v} x≤y u≤v with ⊓-sel y v
... | inj₁ y⊓v≡y rewrite y⊓v≡y = ≤-trans (m⊓n≤m x u) x≤y
... | inj₂ y⊓v≡v rewrite y⊓v≡v = ≤-trans (m⊓n≤n x u) u≤v

⊓-mono-< : _⊓_ Preserves₂ _<_  _<_  _<_
⊓-mono-< = ⊓-mono-≤

-- Properties of _⊔_ and _⊓_ and _+_
m⊔n≤m+n :  m n  m  n  m + n
m⊔n≤m+n m n with ⊔-sel m n
... | inj₁ m⊔n≡m rewrite m⊔n≡m = m≤m+n m n
... | inj₂ m⊔n≡n rewrite m⊔n≡n = n≤m+n m n

m⊓n≤m+n :  m n  m  n  m + n
m⊓n≤m+n m n with ⊓-sel m n
... | inj₁ m⊓n≡m rewrite m⊓n≡m = m≤m+n m n
... | inj₂ m⊓n≡n rewrite m⊓n≡n = n≤m+n m n

+-distribˡ-⊔ : _+_ DistributesOverˡ _⊔_
+-distribˡ-⊔ zero    y z = refl
+-distribˡ-⊔ (suc x) y z = cong suc (+-distribˡ-⊔ x y z)

+-distribʳ-⊔ : _+_ DistributesOverʳ _⊔_
+-distribʳ-⊔ = comm+distrˡ⇒distrʳ (cong₂ _⊔_) +-comm +-distribˡ-⊔

+-distrib-⊔ : _+_ DistributesOver _⊔_
+-distrib-⊔ = +-distribˡ-⊔ , +-distribʳ-⊔

+-distribˡ-⊓ : _+_ DistributesOverˡ _⊓_
+-distribˡ-⊓ zero    y z = refl
+-distribˡ-⊓ (suc x) y z = cong suc (+-distribˡ-⊓ x y z)

+-distribʳ-⊓ : _+_ DistributesOverʳ _⊓_
+-distribʳ-⊓ = comm+distrˡ⇒distrʳ (cong₂ _⊓_) +-comm +-distribˡ-⊓

+-distrib-⊓ : _+_ DistributesOver _⊓_
+-distrib-⊓ = +-distribˡ-⊓ , +-distribʳ-⊓

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Properties of _∸_

0∸n≡0 : LeftZero zero _∸_
0∸n≡0 zero    = refl
0∸n≡0 (suc _) = refl

n∸n≡0 :  n  n  n  0
n∸n≡0 zero    = refl
n∸n≡0 (suc n) = n∸n≡0 n

+-∸-comm :  {m} n {o}  o  m  (m + n)  o  (m  o) + n
+-∸-comm {zero}  _ {suc o} ()
+-∸-comm {zero}  _ {zero}  _         = refl
+-∸-comm {suc m} _ {zero}  _         = refl
+-∸-comm {suc m} n {suc o} (s≤s o≤m) = +-∸-comm n o≤m

∸-+-assoc :  m n o  (m  n)  o  m  (n + o)
∸-+-assoc m       n       zero    = cong (m ∸_) (sym $ +-identityʳ n)
∸-+-assoc zero    zero    (suc o) = refl
∸-+-assoc zero    (suc n) (suc o) = refl
∸-+-assoc (suc m) zero    (suc o) = refl
∸-+-assoc (suc m) (suc n) (suc o) = ∸-+-assoc m n (suc o)

+-∸-assoc :  m {n o}  o  n  (m + n)  o  m + (n  o)
+-∸-assoc m (z≤n {n = n})             = begin m + n 
+-∸-assoc m (s≤s {m = o} {n = n} o≤n) = begin
  (m + suc n)  suc o  ≡⟨ cong (_∸ suc o) (+-suc m n) 
  suc (m + n)  suc o  ≡⟨⟩
  (m + n)  o          ≡⟨ +-∸-assoc m o≤n 
  m + (n  o)          

n∸m≤n :  m n  n  m  n
n∸m≤n zero    n       = ≤-refl
n∸m≤n (suc m) zero    = ≤-refl
n∸m≤n (suc m) (suc n) = ≤-trans (n∸m≤n m n) (n≤1+n n)

n≤m+n∸m :  m n  n  m + (n  m)
n≤m+n∸m m       zero    = z≤n
n≤m+n∸m zero    (suc n) = ≤-refl
n≤m+n∸m (suc m) (suc n) = s≤s (n≤m+n∸m m n)

m+n∸n≡m :  m n  (m + n)  n  m
m+n∸n≡m m n = begin
  (m + n)  n  ≡⟨ +-∸-assoc m (≤-refl {x = n}) 
  m + (n  n)  ≡⟨ cong (m +_) (n∸n≡0 n) 
  m + 0        ≡⟨ +-identityʳ m 
  m            

m+n∸m≡n :  {m n}  m  n  m + (n  m)  n
m+n∸m≡n {m} {n} m≤n = begin
  m + (n  m)  ≡⟨ sym $ +-∸-assoc m m≤n 
  (m + n)  m  ≡⟨ cong (_∸ m) (+-comm m n) 
  (n + m)  m  ≡⟨ m+n∸n≡m n m 
  n            

m∸n+n≡m :  {m n}  n  m  (m  n) + n  m
m∸n+n≡m {m} {n} n≤m = trans (sym (+-∸-comm n n≤m)) (m+n∸n≡m m n)

m⊓n+n∸m≡n :  m n  (m  n) + (n  m)  n
m⊓n+n∸m≡n zero    n       = refl
m⊓n+n∸m≡n (suc m) zero    = refl
m⊓n+n∸m≡n (suc m) (suc n) = cong suc $ m⊓n+n∸m≡n m n

[m∸n]⊓[n∸m]≡0 :  m n  (m  n)  (n  m)  0
[m∸n]⊓[n∸m]≡0 zero zero       = refl
[m∸n]⊓[n∸m]≡0 zero (suc n)    = refl
[m∸n]⊓[n∸m]≡0 (suc m) zero    = refl
[m∸n]⊓[n∸m]≡0 (suc m) (suc n) = [m∸n]⊓[n∸m]≡0 m n

[i+j]∸[i+k]≡j∸k :  i j k  (i + j)  (i + k)  j  k
[i+j]∸[i+k]≡j∸k zero    j k = refl
[i+j]∸[i+k]≡j∸k (suc i) j k = [i+j]∸[i+k]≡j∸k i j k

*-distribʳ-∸ : _*_ DistributesOverʳ _∸_
*-distribʳ-∸ i zero k = begin
  (0  k) * i  ≡⟨ cong (_* i) (0∸n≡0 k) 
  0            ≡⟨ sym $ 0∸n≡0 (k * i) 
  0  (k * i)  
*-distribʳ-∸ i (suc j) zero    = refl
*-distribʳ-∸ i (suc j) (suc k) = begin
  (j  k) * i             ≡⟨ *-distribʳ-∸ i j k 
  j * i  k * i           ≡⟨ sym $ [i+j]∸[i+k]≡j∸k i _ _ 
  i + j * i  (i + k * i) 

∸-distribʳ-⊓ : _∸_ DistributesOverʳ _⊓_
∸-distribʳ-⊓ zero    y       z       = refl
∸-distribʳ-⊓ (suc x) zero    z       = refl
∸-distribʳ-⊓ (suc x) (suc y) zero    = sym (⊓-zeroʳ (y  x))
∸-distribʳ-⊓ (suc x) (suc y) (suc z) = ∸-distribʳ-⊓ x y z

∸-distribʳ-⊔ : _∸_ DistributesOverʳ _⊔_
∸-distribʳ-⊔ zero    y       z       = refl
∸-distribʳ-⊔ (suc x) zero    z       = refl
∸-distribʳ-⊔ (suc x) (suc y) zero    = sym (⊔-identityʳ (y  x))
∸-distribʳ-⊔ (suc x) (suc y) (suc z) = ∸-distribʳ-⊔ x y z

∸-mono : _∸_ Preserves₂ _≤_  _≥_  _≤_
∸-mono z≤n         (s≤s n₁≥n₂)    = z≤n
∸-mono (s≤s m₁≤m₂) (s≤s n₁≥n₂)    = ∸-mono m₁≤m₂ n₁≥n₂
∸-mono m₁≤m₂       (z≤n {n = n₁}) = ≤-trans (n∸m≤n n₁ _) m₁≤m₂

-- TODO: Can this proof be simplified? An automatic solver which can
-- handle ∸ would be nice...
i∸k∸j+j∸k≡i+j∸k :  i j k  i  (k  j) + (j  k)  i + j  k
i∸k∸j+j∸k≡i+j∸k zero    j k    = cong (_+ (j  k)) (0∸n≡0 (k  j))
i∸k∸j+j∸k≡i+j∸k (suc i) j zero = cong  x  suc i  x + j) (0∸n≡0 j)
i∸k∸j+j∸k≡i+j∸k (suc i) zero (suc k) = begin
  i  k + 0  ≡⟨ +-identityʳ _ 
  i  k      ≡⟨ cong (_∸ k) (sym (+-identityʳ _)) 
  i + 0  k  
i∸k∸j+j∸k≡i+j∸k (suc i) (suc j) (suc k) = begin
  suc i  (k  j) + (j  k) ≡⟨ i∸k∸j+j∸k≡i+j∸k (suc i) j k 
  suc i + j  k             ≡⟨ cong (_∸ k) (sym (+-suc i j)) 
  i + suc j  k             

im≡jm+n⇒[i∸j]m≡n :  i j m n  i * m  j * m + n  (i  j) * m  n
im≡jm+n⇒[i∸j]m≡n i j m n eq = begin
  (i  j) * m            ≡⟨ *-distribʳ-∸ m i j 
  (i * m)  (j * m)      ≡⟨ cong (_∸ j * m) eq 
  (j * m + n)  (j * m)  ≡⟨ cong (_∸ j * m) (+-comm (j * m) n) 
  (n + j * m)  (j * m)  ≡⟨ m+n∸n≡m n (j * m) 
  n                      

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Properties of ⌊_/2⌋

⌊n/2⌋-mono : ⌊_/2⌋ Preserves _≤_  _≤_
⌊n/2⌋-mono z≤n             = z≤n
⌊n/2⌋-mono (s≤s z≤n)       = z≤n
⌊n/2⌋-mono (s≤s (s≤s m≤n)) = s≤s (⌊n/2⌋-mono m≤n)

⌈n/2⌉-mono : ⌈_/2⌉ Preserves _≤_  _≤_
⌈n/2⌉-mono m≤n = ⌊n/2⌋-mono (s≤s m≤n)

⌈n/2⌉≤′n :  n   n /2⌉ ≤′ n
⌈n/2⌉≤′n zero          = ≤′-refl
⌈n/2⌉≤′n (suc zero)    = ≤′-refl
⌈n/2⌉≤′n (suc (suc n)) = s≤′s (≤′-step (⌈n/2⌉≤′n n))

⌊n/2⌋≤′n :  n   n /2⌋ ≤′ n
⌊n/2⌋≤′n zero    = ≤′-refl
⌊n/2⌋≤′n (suc n) = ≤′-step (⌈n/2⌉≤′n n)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Modules for reasoning about natural number relations

-- A module for automatically solving propositional equivalences
module SemiringSolver =
  Solver (ACR.fromCommutativeSemiring *-+-commutativeSemiring) _≟_

-- A module for reasoning about the _≤_ relation
module ≤-Reasoning where
  open import Relation.Binary.PartialOrderReasoning
    (DecTotalOrder.poset ≤-decTotalOrder) public
    renaming (_≈⟨_⟩_ to _≡⟨_⟩_)

  infixr 2 _<⟨_⟩_

  _<⟨_⟩_ :  x {y z}  x < y  y IsRelatedTo z  suc x IsRelatedTo z
  x <⟨ x<y  y≤z = suc x ≤⟨ x<y  y≤z

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- DEPRECATED NAMES
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Please use the new names as continuing support for the old names is
-- not guaranteed.

_*-mono_ = *-mono-≤
_+-mono_ = +-mono-≤

+-right-identity = +-identityʳ
*-right-zero     = *-zeroʳ
distribʳ-*-+     = *-distribʳ-+
*-distrib-∸ʳ     = *-distribʳ-∸
cancel-+-left    = +-cancelˡ-≡
cancel-+-left-≤  = +-cancelˡ-≤
cancel-*-right   = *-cancelʳ-≡
cancel-*-right-≤ = *-cancelʳ-≤

strictTotalOrder                      = <-strictTotalOrder
isCommutativeSemiring                 = *-+-isCommutativeSemiring
commutativeSemiring                   = *-+-commutativeSemiring
isDistributiveLattice                 = ⊓-⊔-isDistributiveLattice
distributiveLattice                   = ⊓-⊔-distributiveLattice
⊔-⊓-0-isSemiringWithoutOne            = ⊔-⊓-isSemiringWithoutOne
⊔-⊓-0-isCommutativeSemiringWithoutOne = ⊔-⊓-isCommutativeSemiringWithoutOne
⊔-⊓-0-commutativeSemiringWithoutOne   = ⊔-⊓-commutativeSemiringWithoutOne